The Higgs Boson

 

What mass and gravity are? Is the Higgs Boson the solution of this enigma?

The Higgs boson is a hypothetical massive scalar elementary particle predicted to exist by the Standard Model. Its mass would be between 114 and 180 GeV. The Higgs Boson would help explain how otherwise particles, like W and Z bosons, still manage to construct mass in matter. As of 2008, the Higgs boson has not been observed experimentally, despite large efforts invested in accelerator experiments at CERN and FERMILAB.

In the years since the Higgs boson was proposed, there have been several alternative mechanisms to the Higgs mechanism. A Higgsless model is a model that does not use the Higgs boson and employs a different mechanism of mass generation. Examples are Technicolor, Abbott-Farhi models, or Top quark condensate.

The "Spacetime Model" may be considered as a Higgsless model. This new theory, based on Einstein Spacetime, gives a very simple solution to the mass and gravity enigma. The Spacetime Model also solves a majority of quantum mechanics enigmas and demonstrates that the gravitational and strong nuclear forces comes from a simple generic force: the Hooke Force.

This webpage is a short abstract of the explanation of mass and gravity from a spacetime point of view. It must be noted that the following explanation needs only four dimensions: x, y, z and t. Indeed, the Spacetime Model doesn't need extra dimensions to fully explain mass and gravity.

To get some additional informations concerning mass and gravity or to download a copy of the entire theory (a free 220 pages PDF document), please go at the end of this webpage. URLs are mentionned.

The spacetime curvature

If we drop a billiard ball in a container filled with water, it is the volume of the ball, and not its mass, which produces the water displacement.

The same phenomenon also exists in spacetime. Contrary to preconceived ideas, it is the volume of elementary particles, and not their mass, which deforms spacetime. So:

Any volume inserted in spacetime necessarily produces a curvature of it

 

Notes: 1/ This example does not correspond exactly to spacetime since water is not elastic. It would be more exact to compare spacetime to a kind of deformable crystal or a flexible polystyrene foam. Since spacetime is elastic, if we remove the central object, the curvature disappears. 2/The figure was simplified to two dimensions for teaching purposes. 3/ The constitution of the central object is important. However, this problem is more complex. See the Spacetime Model site for further informations (references are located at the end of this webpage). 4/ The time component of spacetime is also curved.

 

Open and closed volumes

Let's now replace the billiard ball used in the preceding example by a balloon having the same volume. This does not change anything.

However, if we make some holes in the balloon, water will go inside it and the displacement of water will disappear.

The same phenomenon also exists in quantum mechanics. We have two classes of volumes:

  • Closed volumes (fig. 2-A): These volumes make a displacement of spacetime. As we will see hereafter, the spacetime curvature produces a "mass effect". So, closed volumes have a real mass-volume equivalence, which may be written: m=k.v, (k=conversion constant, 6.1x1017 kg/m3 approximately). Nuclear matter like quarks, electrons, protons, neutrons, muons, mesons, lambdas... are examples of closed volumes.

  • Open Volumes (fig. 2-B): These volumes exist but do not produce any displacement of spacetime. If there is no curvature, there is no "mass effect" either. Orbitals of atoms are examples of open volumes.

This explanation is already confirmed by experimentation. Indeed, electrons are moving on empty orbitals already crossed on both sides by spacetime. We know that the atomic mass is concentrated in the nucleus and that orbitals don't have mass. This is exactly in accordance with the current explanation: Closed volumes (nucleons and electrons) have a mass whereas open volumes (orbitals) don't have.

All objects of the universe are combinations of open and closed volumes. This is why we have the illusion, on Earth, that mass and volume are two different dimensions.

Gravity

Let's take, for example, two volumes.

Since spacetime is elastic (Einstein, GR), its curvature produces pressures on these two volumes. This tends to bring them closer to each other.

Therefore, contrary to preconceived ideas,

Gravity is not a mysterious attractive force between masses, but a simple pressure force (Hooke Force) exerted by spacetime on volumes.

 

Synthesis

Finally, mass and gravity is a very simple phenomenon which is summarized as follows:

  • Spacetime is curved by closed volumes, not by masses. Open volumes don't curve spacetime and, consequently, are massless.
  • Since spacetime is elastic, the curvature of spacetime produces a pressure force on closed volumes. This compressive force is what we call "Gravity".
  • Finally, this compressive force produces a "mass effect" on closed volumes.

It must be noted that volume exists physically, but mass doesn't. Mass is only an effect due to the pressure of spacetime, which is curved by closed volumes. The "mass effect" doesn't exist on volumes which don't produce a curvature of spacetime, as orbitals.

Notes: Any object (with mass) is made of two quantities: a closed volume, which curves spacetime, and a "mass effect" due to the curvature of spacetime which produces a pressure force. Therefore, a "mass effect" is associated to each closed volume. As shown on figure 5, only volume physically exists. Mass doesn't exist in concrete terms. Mass is an "effect" of spacetime, or a kind of virtual quantity. This phenomenon is the same when a car is moving at the speed v. The car exists in concrete terms, but its cinetic energy is a only a virtual quantity. The formula E=1/2 mv² contains a combination of material and virtual quantities: a physical term, the car and its mass (in Newton Physics), and virtual quantities: its speed and its energy. Therefore, this equation is not homogeneous. If we replace mass by a virtual entity, a "mass effect", the equation becomes homogeneous since it contains only virtual components.

Existence of the Higgs Boson

The following points must be noted concerning existence of the hypothetical Higgs Boson:

  • Since the nucleus is a closed volume, it may be considered as a Schwartzschild Sphere, or a "micro black hole". Inside the nucleus, time and space are inverted. The signature of the metric ds² change from (+ - - -) to (- + - -). It means that it is not an abnormal situation to have massive W and Z bosons since we have singularities inside the nucleus. The same reasoning also applies to any boson like a hypothetical Higgs Boson.
  • The Spacetime Model demonstrates that all components of the universe are made of spacetime. It means that, from a spacetime point of view, the Higgs Boson may exist since all energy levels are allowed. Therefore, it is not impossible to detect a boson having a mass between 114 and 180 GeV.
  • Explanation of mass and gravity which is given in this webpage is in accordance with the constitution of atoms: nucleus is a closed volume with mass, and orbitals are massless open volumes.
  • The mass and gravity phenomena already exists on Earth, like our example of a billard ball into water. Since we know that Nature always tends to repeat itself, the "Spacetime Model" is much more credible than theories which has no counterpart on Earth.
  • This explanation is in perfect accordance with the Stress Tensor used in fluid mechanics, which is at the origin of Einstein Field Equations. See the Spacetime Model about this subject.
  • This new theory about mass and gravity is confirmed by several ways. In particular, it explains quarks and leptons, antimatter of universe, Schröedinger Equation enigma: the reality of E0 level, why are levels quantified? why is the probability maximum in the center of the nucleus? Heisenberg Relation, why E=mc²? etc... Up to 53 enigmas of quantum mechanics are solved with this new explanation of mass and gravity. Please, see "the Spacetime Model" to get some additional informations.
The above explanation of mass and gravity is much more credible than all that complicated theories with extra-dimensions, which don't give the answer to the two simple questions: What mass is? What gravity is?

 

The Spacetime Model

The explanation of the mass and gravity described in this web page is the second part of the Spacetime Model:

  • Part 1: Wave-Particle duality, constitution of particles
  • Part 2: Mass and gravity
  • Part 3: Quarks, antimatter, nuclear force
  • Part 4: Electromagnetism
  • Part 5: Nucleus, unification of forces, the universe

To download each part separately (five PDF files of 40-50 pages each) or the entire theory (a free 220 pages PDF document), please go to the following website:

www.spacetime-model.com

or the mirror site:

www.theory-of-everything.info

The entire document can also be downloaded on Google Books

Other Author's Websites:

www.mass-gravity.com

www.wave-particle-duality.com

Author: Jacky JEROME

Last update: 05/07/08 , Site designer author@spacetime-model.com